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DESHAYES, JEAN (he sometimes signed Deshaies), marine surveyor and royal hydrographer of New France; d. 18 Dec. 1706 at Quebec.

Nothing is known of his family background; however, in 1668 Jean Deshayes was already a man of recognized ability. In that year Colbert wished to buy the secret of a new method of calculating longitude from a foreign scholar, and it was Deshayes who was ordered to test its validity. Two years later he departed for Acadia to test a similar theory at sea. At that time he was a poor mathematics teacher. The engineer Saint-Columbe described him as “a man of strong good sense.” Deshayes occupied himself with teaching and navigational problems in France until 1681 when, along with two other scientists, he was ordered to undertake an expedition to Gorée off Cape Verde and to the islands of Martinique and Guadaloupe in the West Indies. It was probably as a result of this venture that he was sent to New France to make a hydrographic survey of the St Lawrence River.

He arrived in Quebec in August 1685 and, although in frail health, accompanied Governor Brisay de Denonville on a journey to Fort Frontenac (Cataracoui, now Kingston, Ont.), landing at frequent intervals to observe and calculate latitudes and to draw a map. During the next year, he was fully occupied in carrying out a detailed hydrographic survey of the St Lawrence below Quebec. In November, for some unknown reason, he left the colony without completing the survey. Nevertheless, this work became the basis for a chart of the river that was published around 1700 on the recommendation of the Académie Royale des Sciences; a second edition appeared in 1715. These charts were the first engraved maps devoted solely to the St Lawrence River. They became a basic navigational tool of the pilots and masters of New France and served as such until the final years of the French régime.

It was probably because of the appearance of this chart rather than by any influence exerted on his behalf, that Deshayes was appointed royal hydrographer of New France in 1702. He arrived back in the colony that same year, and for the next four years taught navigation and pilotage to the youth of the colony. In 1703, he was appointed deputy engineer. During the following year, he drew a chart of the north shore of the St Lawrence to show Augustin Le Gardeur de Courtemanche’s voyage of exploration to Labrador.

Deshayes seems never to have married. At his death he left few possessions beyond a library which deserves mention only because it was exceptional among private libraries in New France – it contained no religious books. Besides being the author of a very significant chart, Deshayes published a revised edition of L’Usage du compas de proportion de D. Henrion (Paris 1681; second edition, 1685). He also wrote La théorie et pratique du nivellement, which appeared in 1685, with a second edition in 1695.

James S. Pritchard

AN, Col., B, 23, f.218; C^11A, 7. ASQ, Polygraphie, II, 34. BN, MS, Coll. d’Anville, Ge DD 2987 (8658). PAC, Map div., copies of maps and charts by Deshayes. Histoire de l’Académie royale des sciences, 1699 (Paris, 1702). “Lettre du gouverneur de Beauharnois au ministre,” BRH, LI (1945), 302. Recueil de cartes, plans et vues relatifs aux États-Unis et au Canada, New York, Boston, Montréal, Québec, Louisbourg (1651–1731), éd. A. L. Pinart (Paris, 1893). Catalogue général des livres împrimés de la bibliothèque nationale (197v., Paris, 1897–1967), XXIX, 386–87. L. A. Brown, The story of maps (Boston, 1949), 220–24. Henry Harrisse, Notes pour servir à l’histoire, à la bibliographie et à la cartographie de la Nouvelle-France et des pays adjacents, 1545–1700 (Paris, 1872). Jean Delanglez, “Franquelin, mapmaker,” Mid-America (Chicago), XXV (1943; new ser., XIV), 29–74. Didier Neuville, “Les établissements scientifiques de l’ancienne marine,” Revue maritime et coloniale, LIX (1878), 60–94. J. S. Pritchard, “French developments in hydrography with particular reference to the St Lawrence River during the reign of Louis XIV (1665–1709),” unpublished M.A. thesis, University of Western Ontario, 1965. Antoine Roy, “Ce qu’ils lisaient,” Cahiers des Dix, XX (1955), 199–215. P.-G. Roy, “Jean Deshayes, hydrographe du roi,” BRH, XXII (1916), 129–33.